Shinto Shrine Etiquette: Understanding Two Bows, Two Claps, One Bow
Visiting a Shinto shrine (jinja) is one of the most serene and culturally enriching experiences a traveler can have in Japan. Whether you are standing before the majesty of Meiji Jingu in Tokyo or a small, moss-covered shrine in the mountains of Kyoto, the atmosphere is thick with history. However, for many international visitors, the moment of prayer can bring a wave of anxiety. You approach the offering box, ring the bell, and then… what comes next?
The answer lies in a rhythmic, ancient phrase known to every Japanese citizen: Nirei Nihakushu Ichirei (二拝二拍手一拝), which translates to “Two Bows, Two Claps, One Bow.” This ritual is the golden key to interacting with the Kami (spirits or gods) respectfully. In this guide, we will explore the history, meaning, and proper execution of this beautiful gesture.
The Origins of the Ritual
While Shinto is as old as Japanese culture itself, the strict standardization of “Two Bows, Two Claps, One Bow” is a relatively modern development in the grand timeline of history.
Prior to the Meiji Restoration (1868), Japan practiced Shimbutsu-shugo, a syncretism of Buddhism and Shinto. Rituals varied wildly from region to region and shrine to shrine. Some involved chanting sutras, while others involved clapping. It was only in the late 19th century, when the Meiji government established State Shinto to unify the nation, that rituals became codified.
The current standard was formally popularized in the post-war era by the Association of Shinto Shrines (Jinja Honcho). It was designed to provide a unified way for worshippers to show reverence, blending ancient court etiquette with common folk practices.
Legend and Spiritual Significance
Why do we clap? In many Western religions, prayer is a silent, internal communion. In Shinto, the act is physical and audible. The clapping component is known as Kashiwade.
The Sound of Purity
According to Shinto belief, the sound of the clap serves two primary spiritual functions. First, it acts as a signal to the Kami, alerting the deity of your presence and your intention to communicate. It is a spiritual doorbell.
Second, and perhaps more importantly, the sharp, clear sound is believed to have purifying properties. In Japanese mythology, noise can dispel kegare (impurity) and evil spirits. By clapping, you are clearing the air around you, creating a pure space where a sincere connection with the divine can occur.
Ancient texts suggest that the clapping mimics the sound of joy and appreciation, similar to how an audience applauds a performance, though in a much more solemn context.
Modern Culture and Variations
In modern Japan, Nirei Nihakushu Ichirei is taught to children from a young age. It is a sign of cultural literacy. When you see a businessman in a suit pause at a shrine on his way to work, perform the ritual efficiently, and leave, you are witnessing a living connection to the past.
However, astute travelers might notice exceptions. Shinto is not a monolithic dogma, and variations exist:
- Izumo Taisha: One of Japan’s oldest and most important shrines, located in Shimane Prefecture, prescribes a unique ritual: Two Bows, Four Claps, One Bow. The four claps (shi-awase) symbolize happiness (shiawase).
- Buddhist Temples: It is crucial not to confuse Shinto Shrines with Buddhist Temples. At temples (where you will see incense burners and statues of Buddha), you generally do not clap. You simply place your hands together in silent prayer (gassho).
Traveler’s Tips: How to Perform the Ritual
Ready to pray like a local? Follow this step-by-step guide to ensure you are respectful and confident.
Step 1: The Approach and Offering
Walk to the front of the main hall (haiden). If there is a bell, ring it firmly using the rope. This summons the Kami. Next, gently toss a coin into the offering box (saisen-bako). The 5-yen coin is considered lucky as “go-en” sounds like the word for “connection” or “relationship.”
Step 2: Two Bows (Nirei)
Stand straight facing the altar. Bend at the waist to a 90-degree angle. Perform this deep bow twice. Do not rush; move with intention.
Step 3: Two Claps (Nihakushu)
Bring your hands up to chest level. Here is the secret pro-tip: Slide your right hand slightly downward so your fingertips are not perfectly aligned with your left. This creates a sharper, better sound.
Clap your hands firmly twice. Clap. Clap.
After clapping, align your fingertips again, keep your hands pressed together in a prayer position, and take a moment to silently offer your gratitude or wish to the Kami.
Step 4: One Bow (Ichirei)
Finish the ritual with one final, deep 90-degree bow. Straighten up, perhaps give a slight nod of acknowledgment, and back away from the offering box before turning around.
Sources & Further Reading
For those interested in delving deeper into the mythological roots and statutory evolution of these rituals, the following texts and organizations are essential resources:
- The Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters): Japan’s oldest historical record (c. 712 AD), detailing the age of the gods and the origins of Kashiwade.
- The Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan): Completed in 720 AD, this text provides further context on imperial rituals.
- Association of Shinto Shrines (Jinja Honcho): The administrative body that oversees approximately 80,000 shrines across Japan and publishes official guidelines on worship etiquette.