Nigitama: The Gentle Spirit of Japan
When travelers step through the vermilion torii gates of a Japanese shrine, they often feel an overwhelming sense of tranquility. While the architecture and nature contribute to this, there is a deeper spiritual concept at play known as Nigitama (和御魂). In the complex theology of Shinto, the indigenous spirituality of Japan, the soul is not a singular, static entity. Instead, it is a dynamic force composed of different facets. Understanding Nigitama—the peaceful, benevolent side of a spirit—provides a profound key to unlocking the Japanese worldview on harmony, balance, and the divine.
Origins: The Four Souls of Shinto
To understand Nigitama, one must first understand the concept of Ichirei Shikon (One Spirit, Four Souls). According to traditional Shinto belief, a spirit (Mitama) consists of four distinct aspects, each serving a unique function:
- Aratama (The Rough Soul): Represents power, courage, and sometimes violence or destruction.
- Nigitama (The Peaceful Soul): Represents peace, benevolence, and refinement.
- Sakimitama (The Happy Soul): Represents love, gathering, and blessings.
- Kushimitama (The Wondrous Soul): Represents wisdom, transformation, and discovery.
The Nigitama is the counterpoint to the Aratama. While the Aratama is necessary for creating change and pushing boundaries, the Nigitama is responsible for maintaining order, fostering relationships, and ensuring normal functioning. It is the aspect of the Kami (god) that listens to prayers, provides protection, and brings prosperity. In the etymology of the word, “Nigi” relates to softness, calm, and harmony (similar to Nigiri, meaning to grasp or mold gently, or Nagoyaka, meaning peaceful).
Legend: The Duality of Divinity
Examples of the separation between the rough and peaceful souls appear frequently in Japan’s oldest historical texts. The duality is not about “good vs. evil,” but rather “turbulence vs. tranquility.” Both are necessary for the world to exist.
A famous legend involving this concept concerns the deity Okuninushi, the Great Land Master. According to the Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan), when Okuninushi was struggling to build the land, a deity appeared from the sea, illuminating the surroundings. This deity revealed itself to be Okuninushi’s own Nigitama (specifically identified as Kushimitama and Sakimitama in some interpretations) and demanded to be enshrined separately on Mount Miwa. This story illustrates that a god’s peaceful, constructive side can act independently from its assertive, physical form.
Another poignant example is the Empress Jingu. Before a military campaign, she sought the protection of the gods. The Nigitama of the gods protected her person, ensuring her safety, while the Aratama of the gods guided her army’s ships and ensured victory in battle. This highlights the functional difference: Nigitama preserves, while Aratama conquers.
Modern Culture: Finding Balance
In contemporary Japanese culture, the concept of Nigitama extends beyond shrine theology into the social fabric of Wa (Harmony). The Japanese emphasis on social cohesion, politeness, and avoiding confrontation can be seen as a societal expression of Nigitama.
For the modern individual, balancing one’s inner Aratama (ambition, stress, drive) with Nigitama (relaxation, kindness, peace) is essential for mental health. Many visitors to shrines are essentially seeking to nourish their Nigitama. When you buy an Omamori (amulet) for safety or health, you are invoking the protective, gentle aspect of the Kami.
Furthermore, in martial arts like Aikido or Judo, the ultimate mastery is often described in terms similar to Nigitama—controlling power (Aratama) with fluidity and grace to achieve a peaceful resolution.
Traveler’s Tips: Seeking the Peaceful Soul
For the culturally curious traveler, looking for the distinction between these souls adds a layer of depth to shrine hopping.
- Separate Shrines: Major shrines often have separate buildings for the Aratama and Nigitama of the same deity. For example, at the grand Ise Jingu, the main sanctuary houses the Nigitama of Amaterasu (the Sun Goddess), representing her benevolent rule. However, a separate auxiliary shrine, the Aramatsuri-no-miya, houses her Aratama. It is said that prayers for bold new ventures should be directed to the Aratama, while prayers for safety and peace go to the main hall.
- Atsuta Shrine: Located in Nagoya, this shrine houses the Kusanagi sword. While the sword represents the power of the gods (Aratama), the peaceful atmosphere of the surrounding forest allows visitors to commune with the Nigitama.
- Etiquette: When you bow twice, clap twice, and bow once, take a moment to center yourself. Imagine you are quieting the turbulence in your own heart to resonate with the peaceful frequency of the shrine.
Sources & Further Reading
To dive deeper into the theology of the Japanese soul, the following texts are essential:
- The Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters): Japan’s oldest chronicle, detailing the age of the gods.
- The Nihon Shoki (The Chronicles of Japan): Provides alternative versions of myths where the distinction between Aratama and Nigitama is often more explicit.
- Shinto: The Kami Way by Sokyo Ono: A classic introduction to Shinto concepts for English readers.