The Legend of Higekiri: The Demon-Slaying Blade of Kyoto
Japan’s history is forged in steel. Among the thousands of blades created throughout the centuries, few possess the mystique, lineage, and supernatural reputation of Higekiri (髭切). Known as one of the great heirlooms of the Minamoto clan, this sword is not merely a weapon; it is a cultural artifact that bridges the gap between Heian-period history and modern pop culture. For travelers visiting Kyoto, understanding the story of Higekiri adds a profound layer of depth to the city’s ancient shrines.
Origins of the “Beard Cutter”
The Higekiri is a tachi (a type of long sword) dating back to the Heian period, roughly attributed to the legendary swordsmith Yasutsuna of Hoki Province, though debates on its exact authorship continue among historians. It is famously paired with another sword, Hizamaru (The Knee Cutter).
The name “Higekiri” translates literally to “Beard Cutter.” While this might sound mundane compared to names like “Dragon Slayer,” it speaks to the terrifying sharpness of the blade. In feudal Japan, the quality of a new sword was often tested on the bodies of executed criminals. According to tradition, when this blade was tested, it cut through the neck of the convict so cleanly and effortlessly that it continued through to slice off the victim’s beard.
Ownership of the sword was passed down through the Seiwa Genji lineage of the Minamoto clan, eventually landing in the hands of the famous warrior Minamoto no Yorimitsu (also known as Raiko). It was under the stewardship of the Minamoto clan that the sword transitioned from a sharp weapon into a mythological icon.
The Legend of the Demon Cutter
The sword is perhaps best known by its other name, Onikiri (The Demon Cutter). This title stems from one of Japan’s most enduring folklore tales involving Minamoto no Yorimitsu’s retainer, Watanabe no Tsuna.
As the legend goes, Kyoto was being plagued by a fearsome oni (demon) named Ibaraki-doji. One night, Watanabe no Tsuna was stationed at the Rashomon Gate (some versions say the Modoribashi Bridge) when he was ambushed by the demon. As the monster seized him, Tsuna drew Higekiri and, with a swift strike, severed the demon’s arm. The wounded demon fled, leaving the massive arm behind.
Because of this feat, the sword was renamed Onikiri. The blade is said to have undergone several name changes throughout history based on various supernatural events, including Tomokiri (Friend Cutter) and Shishi-no-ko (Lion’s Cub), but Higekiri remains its most enduring designation. These stories serve to elevate the object from mere steel to a spiritual protector of the capital.
Modern Culture and the Touken Ranbu Effect
For centuries, Higekiri was a relic known mostly to historians and sword enthusiasts. However, the 21st century brought an unexpected renaissance to Japanese sword culture through the franchise Touken Ranbu.
In this popular game and anime series, famous historical swords are anthropomorphized into handsome warriors. Higekiri is depicted as a soft-spoken, slightly forgetful, yet deadly older brother figure, often seen with his brother Hizamaru. This pop culture phenomenon has drastically changed the demographic of museum-goers. What was once a quiet interest for elderly historians has become a passion for young fans worldwide.
The “Touken Ranbu effect” has led to record-breaking crowds at museums and shrines whenever Higekiri is put on public display. It serves as a perfect example of how modern media can preserve and revitalize ancient history, encouraging a new generation to learn about the Minamoto clan and Heian-era craftsmanship.
Traveler’s Tips: Viewing Higekiri
If you are planning a trip to Japan and wish to see this legendary blade, you must head to Kyoto.
- Location: The sword belongs to the Kitano Tenmangu Shrine, one of the most important shrines in Kyoto dedicated to Sugawara no Michizane, the god of learning.
- The Treasure House: Higekiri is housed in the shrine’s Homotsuden (Treasure House). However, it is not always on display. Sword preservation requires strict climate control, so blades are rotated periodically.
- Best Time to Visit: The shrine often displays the sword during special exhibition periods, particularly during the plum blossom season (February/March) or autumn foliage season (November). Always check the official Kitano Tenmangu website for the exhibition schedule before traveling.
- Goshuin: Don’t forget to collect a Goshuin (shrine stamp). During exhibitions, the shrine often offers special limited-edition stamps featuring the sword’s name.
Sources & Further Reading
To deepen your understanding of the context surrounding Higekiri and the Minamoto clan, consider exploring the following historical texts and resources:
- The Tale of the Heike (Heike Monogatari): An epic account of the Genpei War which details the rise and fall of the Taira and Minamoto clans.
- The Taiheiki: A historical epic that references various legendary swords and the warrior culture of feudal Japan.
- Otogizoshi: A collection of short stories from the Muromachi period that popularised the legends of Raiko and the demon slaying.
- Kitano Tenmangu Official Records: For specific provenance regarding the sword’s housing at the shrine.